SS-31 | Research Grade | COA Verified

Description

Research area: Mitochondrial cardiolipin and bioenergetics research

Product Description

SS-31, also called elamipretide, is a synthetic tetrapeptide, D-Arg-2′,6′-dimethylTyr-Lys-Phe-NH2, built from an alternating aromatic-cationic amino-acid motif. Its N-terminal D-arginine and dimethylated tyrosine confer a net positive charge and resistance to enzymatic degradation, while the aromatic-cationic pattern drives strong, selective accumulation at the mitochondrial inner membrane, where it concentrates thousands-fold. Unlike receptor-targeted peptides, SS-31 acts through a lipid-binding rather than a receptor-signaling mechanism, associating with the phospholipid cardiolipin. This distinctive membrane-targeting behavior makes it a widely used research tool for studying mitochondrial structure, electron-transport function, and bioenergetic dysfunction in cell and animal models.

Mechanism & Research Context

SS-31 traverses the plasma membrane in an energy-independent manner and accumulates at the inner mitochondrial membrane, where its aromatic-cationic motif binds cardiolipin through combined hydrophobic acyl-chain and electrostatic head-group interactions. In research models this interaction is studied for its effects on cristae curvature, electron-transport-chain efficiency, cytochrome c electron-carrying activity, and reduced cytochrome c peroxidase activity. Investigators use it to probe mitochondrial membrane organization, reactive-oxygen-species handling, and bioenergetic recovery in stressed and aged tissues.

Research Applications

• Cardiolipin-binding and membrane-interaction biophysical assays
• Electron-transport-chain and ATP-production measurements in isolated mitochondria
• Cristae ultrastructure imaging in cell and tissue models
• Reactive-oxygen-species and cytochrome c peroxidase activity studies
• Mitochondrial-dysfunction research in aged or injured cardiac and muscle tissue

Storage & Handling

• Store sealed vials in a cool, dark place for short-term storage and frozen for long-term storage.
• After reconstitution, refrigerate and protect from light and heat.
• Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles; handle using standard laboratory safety and aseptic technique.

Product Specifications

• Compound class: Synthetic mitochondria-targeted aromatic-cationic tetrapeptide
• Form: Lyophilized powder
• Purity: ≥ 99% (HPLC verified)
• Appearance: White to off-white powder
• Third-party tested: Yes — Certificate of Analysis (COA) on this product page

Quality & Third-Party Testing

Every batch of SS-31 is independently third-party tested in the USA for identity and purity, with a Certificate of Analysis (COA) available on this product page.

Compliance Notice

SS-31 is for research use only. It is not intended for human or veterinary use and has not been evaluated by the FDA. By purchasing, the buyer represents and warrants that it will be used solely for in-vitro laboratory research.